1 00:00:03,320 --> 00:00:01,730 this was demon has been introduced by 2 00:00:05,019 --> 00:00:03,330 Daniel doesn't need a great deal of 3 00:00:08,660 --> 00:00:05,029 review but we will go through some of it 4 00:00:10,310 --> 00:00:08,670 is generally challenges to the second 5 00:00:12,259 --> 00:00:10,320 law through that Maxwell's demon has 6 00:00:14,749 --> 00:00:12,269 been microscopic on the atomic level 7 00:00:16,099 --> 00:00:14,759 like when other fellows just asking 8 00:00:19,609 --> 00:00:16,109 about there and on the atomic level 9 00:00:22,519 --> 00:00:19,619 things yeah largely are ignored because 10 00:00:28,429 --> 00:00:22,529 it's a reversible regime on the 11 00:00:30,380 --> 00:00:28,439 macroscopic scale it is not now the also 12 00:00:32,260 --> 00:00:30,390 has pointed out before the scientific 13 00:00:34,310 --> 00:00:32,270 discipline of thermodynamics is 14 00:00:36,620 --> 00:00:34,320 considered to be a close science that 15 00:00:38,720 --> 00:00:36,630 very little has changed to the 16 00:00:40,310 --> 00:00:38,730 fundamentals of it for over a hundred 17 00:00:43,100 --> 00:00:40,320 years and what has occurred in recent 18 00:00:45,410 --> 00:00:43,110 years is just simply advancements and 19 00:00:49,400 --> 00:00:45,420 materials and computational fluid 20 00:00:51,380 --> 00:00:49,410 dynamics such as gas turbine of five how 21 00:00:54,920 --> 00:00:51,390 do we keep the thing from from melting 22 00:00:56,959 --> 00:00:54,930 or fracturing and flying apart and how 23 00:01:01,130 --> 00:00:56,969 can we model it according to computers 24 00:01:02,689 --> 00:01:01,140 but it's still with the old concepts 25 00:01:06,700 --> 00:01:02,699 that were developed a hundred years ago 26 00:01:09,950 --> 00:01:06,710 or more and within the first of the 27 00:01:11,929 --> 00:01:09,960 within the discipline of thermodynamics 28 00:01:14,390 --> 00:01:11,939 it's largely directed by the first law 29 00:01:15,980 --> 00:01:14,400 of conservation of energy and the second 30 00:01:17,980 --> 00:01:15,990 law of the concept of entropy that 31 00:01:21,679 --> 00:01:17,990 energy increases its randomness and 32 00:01:24,410 --> 00:01:21,689 describe definitively as the net change 33 00:01:28,760 --> 00:01:24,420 in a nice elated system so I entropy is 34 00:01:30,289 --> 00:01:28,770 0 or greater than zero can be stated 35 00:01:31,310 --> 00:01:30,299 number of different ways we'll just go 36 00:01:33,109 --> 00:01:31,320 through this quickly he flows 37 00:01:35,330 --> 00:01:33,119 spontaneously from mojado to a colder 38 00:01:37,130 --> 00:01:35,340 object but not vice versa when an 39 00:01:39,319 --> 00:01:37,140 isolated system undergoes change its 40 00:01:42,499 --> 00:01:39,329 change in entropy will be 0 or greater 41 00:01:45,380 --> 00:01:42,509 than zero the specific embodiment to 42 00:01:47,420 --> 00:01:45,390 this is Carnales theorem that a heat 43 00:01:48,950 --> 00:01:47,430 engines efficiency is a function of its 44 00:01:52,100 --> 00:01:48,960 maximum and minimum absolute 45 00:01:55,460 --> 00:01:52,110 temperatures as a as a ratio like we see 46 00:01:57,319 --> 00:01:55,470 right down here the second law of 47 00:01:59,420 --> 00:01:57,329 thermodynamics is based upon the kinetic 48 00:02:01,550 --> 00:01:59,430 theory of heat that thermal energy use 49 00:02:04,130 --> 00:02:01,560 the random motion and vibration of atoms 50 00:02:06,080 --> 00:02:04,140 and molecules collisions between these 51 00:02:07,880 --> 00:02:06,090 atoms and molecules transfer thermal 52 00:02:10,760 --> 00:02:07,890 energy preserving kinetic energy and 53 00:02:12,470 --> 00:02:10,770 momentum statistical mechanics models 54 00:02:12,880 --> 00:02:12,480 this a little bit further by saying well 55 00:02:17,199 --> 00:02:12,890 these 56 00:02:18,730 --> 00:02:17,209 collisions just two of them coming 57 00:02:21,309 --> 00:02:18,740 together and then they go off in 58 00:02:23,710 --> 00:02:21,319 whatever direction they do preserving 59 00:02:25,750 --> 00:02:23,720 the kinetic energy and the momentum now 60 00:02:27,430 --> 00:02:25,760 in the atomic scale these seem to be 61 00:02:29,080 --> 00:02:27,440 reversible collisions they will go all 62 00:02:32,380 --> 00:02:29,090 over the place nothing's lost we say 63 00:02:33,850 --> 00:02:32,390 it's there elastic collisions but when 64 00:02:36,640 --> 00:02:33,860 let's look down a larger and larger 65 00:02:39,720 --> 00:02:36,650 scale of all these particles together in 66 00:02:43,120 --> 00:02:39,730 a larger group it all gets randomized 67 00:02:45,490 --> 00:02:43,130 and that's the another question over 68 00:02:47,800 --> 00:02:45,500 here how do we rewrite the second law it 69 00:02:49,690 --> 00:02:47,810 will deal with the this nature of 70 00:02:52,930 --> 00:02:49,700 randomness that is underlying all of 71 00:02:55,750 --> 00:02:52,940 this with any law you must understand 72 00:02:58,990 --> 00:02:55,760 the fundamental principles under which 73 00:03:00,880 --> 00:02:59,000 the law was identified and all laws of 74 00:03:03,220 --> 00:03:00,890 physics are nothing more than models of 75 00:03:06,520 --> 00:03:03,230 understanding and as our understanding 76 00:03:08,530 --> 00:03:06,530 changes so does the law Max Planck one 77 00:03:10,720 --> 00:03:08,540 of the fathers of quantum mechanics was 78 00:03:13,000 --> 00:03:10,730 quoted as saying we have no right to 79 00:03:15,100 --> 00:03:13,010 assume that any physical laws exist or 80 00:03:16,720 --> 00:03:15,110 if they have existed up to now that they 81 00:03:19,870 --> 00:03:16,730 will continue to exist in a similar 82 00:03:22,539 --> 00:03:19,880 manner all I meant was our awareness of 83 00:03:25,630 --> 00:03:22,549 them are understanding of them is what K 84 00:03:28,810 --> 00:03:25,640 is capable of changing now I were the 85 00:03:31,030 --> 00:03:28,820 result of the 2l Te'o's we know it he 86 00:03:33,009 --> 00:03:31,040 cannot be completely converted into work 87 00:03:34,780 --> 00:03:33,019 and engines efficiently will always be 88 00:03:37,030 --> 00:03:34,790 less than one hundred percent it's 89 00:03:38,860 --> 00:03:37,040 assumed to be universal in sculpting is 90 00:03:40,300 --> 00:03:38,870 that kind of dangerous to operate 91 00:03:43,840 --> 00:03:40,310 something in science with an assumption 92 00:03:45,460 --> 00:03:43,850 but it's there it's never been nobody's 93 00:03:47,080 --> 00:03:45,470 ever had an opportunity to challenge it 94 00:03:49,420 --> 00:03:47,090 so it's been assumed all the way back 95 00:03:51,009 --> 00:03:49,430 from what Ruth Clausius he said 96 00:03:53,890 --> 00:03:51,019 something to the effect well from these 97 00:03:56,319 --> 00:03:53,900 observations it's just assume that the 98 00:03:59,920 --> 00:03:56,329 you know the second law is said is 99 00:04:02,050 --> 00:03:59,930 precise and it's also thought to be 100 00:04:04,330 --> 00:04:02,060 absolute and manifestation such that 101 00:04:06,729 --> 00:04:04,340 there are no exceptions whatsoever it be 102 00:04:09,940 --> 00:04:06,739 like seeing our gravity is inviolable 103 00:04:11,710 --> 00:04:09,950 there are no there are no exceptions to 104 00:04:13,330 --> 00:04:11,720 it it is absolutely if that's the case I 105 00:04:15,789 --> 00:04:13,340 wouldn't be able to lift this up is this 106 00:04:17,650 --> 00:04:15,799 a violation of gravity but this is how 107 00:04:21,080 --> 00:04:17,660 absurd that the second law is being 108 00:04:25,860 --> 00:04:23,430 the second law is that's understood is 109 00:04:29,820 --> 00:04:25,870 based upon faulty logic and we rarely go 110 00:04:33,120 --> 00:04:29,830 back to understand where it came from as 111 00:04:36,210 --> 00:04:33,130 with anything in science or in the on or 112 00:04:39,090 --> 00:04:36,220 in the the discipline of logic through 113 00:04:41,730 --> 00:04:39,100 philosophy the conclusion is only true 114 00:04:43,770 --> 00:04:41,740 if its premises are true and a 115 00:04:46,110 --> 00:04:43,780 conclusion is limited if one or more if 116 00:04:47,520 --> 00:04:46,120 its premises is limited and what's 117 00:04:50,270 --> 00:04:47,530 behind the second law of thermodynamics 118 00:04:54,120 --> 00:04:50,280 is the understanding of randomness and 119 00:04:56,790 --> 00:04:54,130 things are not always random plus we 120 00:04:59,580 --> 00:04:56,800 also have the basic human understanding 121 00:05:01,500 --> 00:04:59,590 that you can get to that the absence of 122 00:05:04,890 --> 00:05:01,510 evidence is not evidence that it does 123 00:05:06,870 --> 00:05:04,900 not exist plus natural law has always 124 00:05:11,070 --> 00:05:06,880 affect each other recruiting absolute 125 00:05:13,170 --> 00:05:11,080 manifestation and this is why laboratory 126 00:05:15,210 --> 00:05:13,180 protocols are so difficult to do and do 127 00:05:17,790 --> 00:05:15,220 it well so that it really identifies 128 00:05:19,430 --> 00:05:17,800 that a concept in question because we're 129 00:05:21,720 --> 00:05:19,440 all these are interferences from other 130 00:05:25,050 --> 00:05:21,730 effects and you want to get those out of 131 00:05:28,820 --> 00:05:25,060 the way so the the effect in question is 132 00:05:32,820 --> 00:05:28,830 all that's left to be identified by the 133 00:05:34,860 --> 00:05:32,830 experiment so what this comes down to is 134 00:05:36,270 --> 00:05:34,870 that these laws are competing with each 135 00:05:38,430 --> 00:05:36,280 other to outdo each other all the time 136 00:05:40,830 --> 00:05:38,440 and a good example of this I ran into it 137 00:05:42,330 --> 00:05:40,840 with a civil engineer number of years 138 00:05:44,880 --> 00:05:42,340 ago set only we're talking about a 139 00:05:46,800 --> 00:05:44,890 municipal water tower being able to 140 00:05:50,300 --> 00:05:46,810 measure the pressure on this water tower 141 00:05:52,500 --> 00:05:50,310 says all its or by Pascal's principle of 142 00:05:54,570 --> 00:05:52,510 Equalization the fire fluid pressure on 143 00:05:56,700 --> 00:05:54,580 a municipal reservoir if you close the 144 00:05:59,070 --> 00:05:56,710 vent on top it's same pressure top and 145 00:06:00,930 --> 00:05:59,080 bottom said no it is not there's also 146 00:06:02,820 --> 00:06:00,940 the effect of gravity that affects it 147 00:06:04,680 --> 00:06:02,830 and it's going to be a lower pressure up 148 00:06:07,050 --> 00:06:04,690 at the top then what you would measure 149 00:06:09,330 --> 00:06:07,060 down at the bottom of the standpipe in 150 00:06:11,640 --> 00:06:09,340 the municipal water tank but this is 151 00:06:13,230 --> 00:06:11,650 where people think they don't we have 152 00:06:15,840 --> 00:06:13,240 simplistic models that we study in 153 00:06:17,820 --> 00:06:15,850 school but these models do not reflect 154 00:06:20,130 --> 00:06:17,830 the real world that we are in and the 155 00:06:21,600 --> 00:06:20,140 second law is also here that comes to 156 00:06:25,080 --> 00:06:21,610 pinning one law against the other the 157 00:06:27,540 --> 00:06:25,090 only one that I would bet on I'm winning 158 00:06:29,070 --> 00:06:27,550 in any of these competitive play offices 159 00:06:30,840 --> 00:06:29,080 that the conservation of energy would 160 00:06:33,150 --> 00:06:30,850 would win if it was pitted against the 161 00:06:34,650 --> 00:06:33,160 second law and remember other things 162 00:06:36,810 --> 00:06:34,660 that the second one pitted 163 00:06:40,920 --> 00:06:36,820 so everyone's well that other one loses 164 00:06:42,600 --> 00:06:40,930 at the expense of the second law now I 165 00:06:46,760 --> 00:06:42,610 want to go to some historical 166 00:06:50,390 --> 00:06:46,770 perspective here read you a quote from 167 00:06:54,510 --> 00:06:50,400 James Clerk Maxwell about the second law 168 00:06:57,000 --> 00:06:54,520 and has taken from the texts that quoted 169 00:06:58,650 --> 00:06:57,010 here it is probably impossible to reduce 170 00:07:01,010 --> 00:06:58,660 the second law of thermodynamics to a 171 00:07:03,210 --> 00:07:01,020 form as axiomatic as that of the first 172 00:07:06,030 --> 00:07:03,220 four we have reason to believe that 173 00:07:08,610 --> 00:07:06,040 though true its truth is not the same 174 00:07:10,410 --> 00:07:08,620 order as that of the first law the first 175 00:07:12,480 --> 00:07:10,420 law is an extension to the theory of 176 00:07:14,370 --> 00:07:12,490 heat of the principle of conservation of 177 00:07:16,050 --> 00:07:14,380 energy which can be proved 178 00:07:18,230 --> 00:07:16,060 mathematically true if real bodies 179 00:07:21,990 --> 00:07:18,240 consist of matter as per definition 180 00:07:23,940 --> 00:07:22,000 acted on by forces having potentials the 181 00:07:25,890 --> 00:07:23,950 second layer you log relates to that 182 00:07:28,290 --> 00:07:25,900 kind of communication of energy which we 183 00:07:30,180 --> 00:07:28,300 call work according to the molecular 184 00:07:32,910 --> 00:07:30,190 theory the only difference between these 185 00:07:34,620 --> 00:07:32,920 two kinds of communications of energy is 186 00:07:36,180 --> 00:07:34,630 that the motions and displacements which 187 00:07:38,640 --> 00:07:36,190 are concerned in the communication of 188 00:07:41,880 --> 00:07:38,650 heat are those of molecules and are some 189 00:07:44,220 --> 00:07:41,890 rumors so small individually and so 190 00:07:45,990 --> 00:07:44,230 irregular in their distribution that 191 00:07:50,340 --> 00:07:46,000 they quite escape all our methods of 192 00:07:52,470 --> 00:07:50,350 observation whereas when the motions and 193 00:07:54,000 --> 00:07:52,480 displacements are those of physical 194 00:07:56,190 --> 00:07:54,010 bodies consisting of great numbers 195 00:07:58,310 --> 00:07:56,200 molecules moving all together the 196 00:08:01,050 --> 00:07:58,320 communication of energy is called work 197 00:08:02,730 --> 00:08:01,060 hence we have only to suppose our senses 198 00:08:05,550 --> 00:08:02,740 sharpen to such a degree that we could 199 00:08:07,500 --> 00:08:05,560 trace the motions molecules as easily as 200 00:08:09,570 --> 00:08:07,510 we now trace those of large bodies and 201 00:08:11,640 --> 00:08:09,580 the distinction between work and heat 202 00:08:13,380 --> 00:08:11,650 would vanish for the communication of 203 00:08:15,750 --> 00:08:13,390 heat would be seen to be a communication 204 00:08:18,120 --> 00:08:15,760 of energy of the same kind as that which 205 00:08:20,220 --> 00:08:18,130 we call work the second law must either 206 00:08:22,350 --> 00:08:20,230 be founded on our actual experience in 207 00:08:24,480 --> 00:08:22,360 dealing with real bodies around the 208 00:08:27,090 --> 00:08:24,490 hypothesis that the behavior of body is 209 00:08:28,500 --> 00:08:27,100 consisting of millions of molecules may 210 00:08:32,040 --> 00:08:28,510 be deduced from the theory of the 211 00:08:33,570 --> 00:08:32,050 encounters of Paris molecules by 212 00:08:35,400 --> 00:08:33,580 supposing the relative frequency of 213 00:08:37,260 --> 00:08:35,410 different different kinds of encounters 214 00:08:40,050 --> 00:08:37,270 to be distributed according to the laws 215 00:08:42,420 --> 00:08:40,060 of probability the truth of the second 216 00:08:45,000 --> 00:08:42,430 law is therefore a statistical not a 217 00:08:46,980 --> 00:08:45,010 mathematical truth for it depends on the 218 00:08:48,000 --> 00:08:46,990 fact that these bodies we deal with 219 00:08:49,950 --> 00:08:48,010 consistent millions 220 00:08:54,810 --> 00:08:49,960 molecules and that we can never get a 221 00:08:59,340 --> 00:08:54,820 hold of a single single molecules let me 222 00:09:02,370 --> 00:08:59,350 quote from James Joule known to codify 223 00:09:04,080 --> 00:09:02,380 the conservation of energy but the most 224 00:09:05,910 --> 00:09:04,090 convincing proof of the conversion of 225 00:09:09,360 --> 00:09:05,920 heat into living force which he called 226 00:09:11,130 --> 00:09:09,370 his word for her phrase for work has 227 00:09:13,470 --> 00:09:11,140 been derived from my experiments with 228 00:09:15,660 --> 00:09:13,480 the electromagnetic engine a machine 229 00:09:18,180 --> 00:09:15,670 composed magnets and bios of item set in 230 00:09:19,980 --> 00:09:18,190 motion by an electrical battery I have 231 00:09:21,810 --> 00:09:19,990 proved by actual experiment that in 232 00:09:24,540 --> 00:09:21,820 exact proportion to the force with which 233 00:09:26,730 --> 00:09:24,550 this machine works heat is abstracted 234 00:09:28,410 --> 00:09:26,740 from the electrical battery you see 235 00:09:30,870 --> 00:09:28,420 therefore that living force may be 236 00:09:32,430 --> 00:09:30,880 converted into heat and that heat may be 237 00:09:34,110 --> 00:09:32,440 converted into living force or its 238 00:09:37,080 --> 00:09:34,120 equivalent attraction through space all 239 00:09:39,000 --> 00:09:37,090 three therefore namely heat living force 240 00:09:40,680 --> 00:09:39,010 an attraction through space to which I 241 00:09:42,150 --> 00:09:40,690 could also add light were consistent 242 00:09:44,730 --> 00:09:42,160 with the scope of this president vent 243 00:09:47,940 --> 00:09:44,740 this lecture are mutually convertible 244 00:09:51,570 --> 00:09:47,950 into one another in these conversions 245 00:09:53,910 --> 00:09:51,580 nothing is ever lost historically jewel 246 00:09:56,100 --> 00:09:53,920 has been thought of as referring to the 247 00:09:58,770 --> 00:09:56,110 conservation of energy but I point out 248 00:10:00,390 --> 00:09:58,780 in this in this quote that as he starts 249 00:10:04,170 --> 00:10:00,400 off with right here at the at the 250 00:10:06,090 --> 00:10:04,180 beginning most convincing proof of the 251 00:10:08,310 --> 00:10:06,100 conversion of heat into living force was 252 00:10:11,160 --> 00:10:08,320 the operation of an electric motor from 253 00:10:12,450 --> 00:10:11,170 an electrochemical battery that was the 254 00:10:14,580 --> 00:10:12,460 most convincing why wasn't this a 255 00:10:16,650 --> 00:10:14,590 paddlewheel water experiment of 256 00:10:19,530 --> 00:10:16,660 converting a mechanical energy into 257 00:10:21,900 --> 00:10:19,540 thermal energy of the water more 258 00:10:24,810 --> 00:10:21,910 convincing what he was seeing here was 259 00:10:26,940 --> 00:10:24,820 that the the electrical nature of the 260 00:10:28,890 --> 00:10:26,950 battery by this equation down here at 261 00:10:30,780 --> 00:10:28,900 the bottom Gibbs free energy equation 262 00:10:32,820 --> 00:10:30,790 here Delta G equals Delta H minus T 263 00:10:36,690 --> 00:10:32,830 Delta house is what determined 264 00:10:40,080 --> 00:10:36,700 spontaneity and in a battery the release 265 00:10:43,730 --> 00:10:40,090 of energy the Delta G value which ones 266 00:10:46,020 --> 00:10:43,740 that the battery actually in trains 267 00:10:47,700 --> 00:10:46,030 ambient environment in the battery 268 00:10:53,510 --> 00:10:47,710 itself run out of its plates and 269 00:10:56,220 --> 00:10:53,520 electrolyte it is and it is an 270 00:10:59,769 --> 00:10:56,230 endothermic reaction and the battery 271 00:11:02,949 --> 00:10:59,779 does get cold perspective of 272 00:11:05,530 --> 00:11:02,959 resistive losses and this is what he was 273 00:11:07,389 --> 00:11:05,540 talking about in this system heat was 274 00:11:10,230 --> 00:11:07,399 going right into the electrical system 275 00:11:12,730 --> 00:11:10,240 and going into work in the in the 276 00:11:14,139 --> 00:11:12,740 electric motor and nothing else happened 277 00:11:16,840 --> 00:11:14,149 to the heat that is complete conversion 278 00:11:18,519 --> 00:11:16,850 of heat into electricity now there are 279 00:11:20,470 --> 00:11:18,529 lots of arguments to the country of this 280 00:11:21,850 --> 00:11:20,480 it's not a cycle and all that and this 281 00:11:23,290 --> 00:11:21,860 is not the time to get into these 282 00:11:25,600 --> 00:11:23,300 details but I'm just giving you an 283 00:11:28,269 --> 00:11:25,610 introduction that there might be a basis 284 00:11:30,699 --> 00:11:28,279 for the second law not being limitation 285 00:11:33,790 --> 00:11:30,709 that we all think it is now here's 286 00:11:36,100 --> 00:11:33,800 another presentation of Maxwell's demon 287 00:11:39,059 --> 00:11:36,110 by the way it was called a demon because 288 00:11:41,889 --> 00:11:39,069 said well a parallel werner heisenberg 289 00:11:44,079 --> 00:11:41,899 really hated Paul tow-rax work and 290 00:11:47,410 --> 00:11:44,089 called the Dirac equation learn it trash 291 00:11:50,470 --> 00:11:47,420 a similar dynamic of haida curtain in 292 00:11:52,179 --> 00:11:50,480 here with Lord Kelvin can't couldn't 293 00:11:54,309 --> 00:11:52,189 stand this thought experiment and called 294 00:11:58,239 --> 00:11:54,319 this intelligent being to do the sorting 295 00:12:01,119 --> 00:11:58,249 of the of the trapdoor here a demon but 296 00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:01,129 here's what happens fast and slow 297 00:12:07,569 --> 00:12:03,410 particle is indicated by the the length 298 00:12:10,420 --> 00:12:07,579 of the arrows here we can open the door 299 00:12:12,790 --> 00:12:10,430 and the highlighted particle be allowed 300 00:12:15,460 --> 00:12:12,800 through to the other side and conversely 301 00:12:17,309 --> 00:12:15,470 a slow particle is allowed to pass 302 00:12:22,119 --> 00:12:17,319 through in the other direction but now 303 00:12:24,280 --> 00:12:22,129 what's up let's look at a slow moving 304 00:12:25,780 --> 00:12:24,290 particle is deflected back in on the 305 00:12:27,939 --> 00:12:25,790 same side and also from the other side 306 00:12:30,009 --> 00:12:27,949 of fast particle is kept so you keep 307 00:12:32,470 --> 00:12:30,019 doing this out infinitum for a while you 308 00:12:34,389 --> 00:12:32,480 end up with this result a collection of 309 00:12:36,610 --> 00:12:34,399 cold particles on one are slow-moving 310 00:12:38,199 --> 00:12:36,620 particles on one side and fast-moving 311 00:12:41,049 --> 00:12:38,209 particles on the other and by the theory 312 00:12:44,230 --> 00:12:41,059 of the kinetic theory of heat end up 313 00:12:46,509 --> 00:12:44,240 with a zone of cold and hot with no work 314 00:12:49,299 --> 00:12:46,519 done on the system because the demon 315 00:12:51,999 --> 00:12:49,309 that operated the trapdoor was said was 316 00:12:54,129 --> 00:12:52,009 doing this on a it's a by the principle 317 00:12:55,929 --> 00:12:54,139 of reversibility often using 318 00:12:57,910 --> 00:12:55,939 thermodynamics to understand models that 319 00:12:59,650 --> 00:12:57,920 the trapdoor was frictionless massless 320 00:13:02,799 --> 00:12:59,660 and so could be moved without any energy 321 00:13:05,439 --> 00:13:02,809 but then the there's another case now 322 00:13:08,049 --> 00:13:05,449 that the information needed to do the 323 00:13:09,129 --> 00:13:08,059 sorting can be totally circumvented and 324 00:13:13,179 --> 00:13:09,139 that's where the pole 325 00:13:16,090 --> 00:13:13,189 comes in perfect is the correct analysis 326 00:13:17,859 --> 00:13:16,100 of the non-homogeneous constant volume 327 00:13:20,739 --> 00:13:17,869 process with displacement and 328 00:13:22,449 --> 00:13:20,749 regeneration this is the classical 329 00:13:24,549 --> 00:13:22,459 analysis of the constant volume process 330 00:13:27,479 --> 00:13:24,559 which appears by the way in the Stirling 331 00:13:30,069 --> 00:13:27,489 cycle the only standard well known 332 00:13:32,769 --> 00:13:30,079 thermodynamic engine cycle that people 333 00:13:36,429 --> 00:13:32,779 would be familiar with it's just a 334 00:13:38,949 --> 00:13:36,439 sealed volume of gas volume does not 335 00:13:42,069 --> 00:13:38,959 change heat goes in and out and the 336 00:13:44,169 --> 00:13:42,079 temperature and pressure of the of the 337 00:13:46,749 --> 00:13:44,179 gas changes and this is the way it is 338 00:13:49,780 --> 00:13:46,759 represented entirely I've never found an 339 00:13:51,879 --> 00:13:49,790 exception to this the heat Q equals the 340 00:13:54,309 --> 00:13:51,889 mass and times the specific heat 341 00:13:56,889 --> 00:13:54,319 capacity C sub V times the temperature 342 00:14:01,479 --> 00:13:56,899 difference equals Delta u the internal 343 00:14:03,069 --> 00:14:01,489 energy change the gas Wayne pole was the 344 00:14:04,780 --> 00:14:03,079 first person to correctly identify the 345 00:14:07,389 --> 00:14:04,790 complex energy flows that take place 346 00:14:09,669 --> 00:14:07,399 within the constant volume process with 347 00:14:11,979 --> 00:14:09,679 displacement and regeneration and this 348 00:14:14,590 --> 00:14:11,989 is the text from which I first became 349 00:14:16,600 --> 00:14:14,600 familiar with it talked with him and 350 00:14:19,329 --> 00:14:16,610 said he'd ever done any experiments with 351 00:14:22,179 --> 00:14:19,339 no woman retirement I don't have my lab 352 00:14:27,519 --> 00:14:22,189 at Standard Oil anymore he was a chemist 353 00:14:29,109 --> 00:14:27,529 and so he said I did some work based on 354 00:14:31,030 --> 00:14:29,119 the book the stuff he did in the book 355 00:14:33,759 --> 00:14:31,040 and experimentally verified what he did 356 00:14:35,769 --> 00:14:33,769 now this is a graphic depiction of what 357 00:14:37,509 --> 00:14:35,779 the pole effect is like in two forms the 358 00:14:39,460 --> 00:14:37,519 self refrigeration effect where we start 359 00:14:41,949 --> 00:14:39,470 off with initial conditions the 360 00:14:45,090 --> 00:14:41,959 displacer can find gas regenerated with 361 00:14:47,409 --> 00:14:45,100 a distributed thermal gradient on it and 362 00:14:50,109 --> 00:14:47,419 effects let's say air in this argument 363 00:14:51,869 --> 00:14:50,119 here 50 degrees C is displaced by the 364 00:14:54,220 --> 00:14:51,879 displacer through the regenerate 365 00:14:56,739 --> 00:14:54,230 regenerative to the cold side what we 366 00:14:58,929 --> 00:14:56,749 end up with down here is the bulk gas 367 00:15:00,579 --> 00:14:58,939 temperature is below the ambient 368 00:15:04,210 --> 00:15:00,589 temperature that we started off with in 369 00:15:06,699 --> 00:15:04,220 the system 20 degrees C conversely the 370 00:15:09,369 --> 00:15:06,709 self heating process where we start off 371 00:15:12,069 --> 00:15:09,379 with gas in the cold side and displace 372 00:15:13,539 --> 00:15:12,079 it to the high side we end up with a gas 373 00:15:17,670 --> 00:15:13,549 temperature that's higher than the 374 00:15:23,160 --> 00:15:20,070 compression and expansion work take 375 00:15:25,650 --> 00:15:23,170 place in the in the system here in order 376 00:15:29,070 --> 00:15:25,660 for this to take place as gases 377 00:15:31,530 --> 00:15:29,080 displaced let's go back go back to to 378 00:15:33,960 --> 00:15:31,540 here hot stuff is displaced through the 379 00:15:35,850 --> 00:15:33,970 regenerator cooled off the specific 380 00:15:38,220 --> 00:15:35,860 volume of the gas decreases but this is 381 00:15:42,090 --> 00:15:38,230 a constant volume environment therefore 382 00:15:44,550 --> 00:15:42,100 the the gas on both sides of the 383 00:15:47,100 --> 00:15:44,560 displacer must expand to compensate and 384 00:15:49,680 --> 00:15:47,110 that's pressure-volume work that is is 385 00:15:53,160 --> 00:15:49,690 sourced out here and put into the 386 00:15:55,230 --> 00:15:53,170 regenerator as extra heat and what we 387 00:15:57,350 --> 00:15:55,240 end up with is the change in internal 388 00:15:59,639 --> 00:15:57,360 energy of the gas you Plus this work 389 00:16:02,490 --> 00:15:59,649 equates to the mass times the heat 390 00:16:04,350 --> 00:16:02,500 capacity of constant pressure times the 391 00:16:07,170 --> 00:16:04,360 temperature which is equivalent of the 392 00:16:09,900 --> 00:16:07,180 enthalpy change Delta H all sorts of 393 00:16:12,660 --> 00:16:09,910 things open up here and this the ratio 394 00:16:14,970 --> 00:16:12,670 of CP to cv is the heat capacity ratio 395 00:16:16,440 --> 00:16:14,980 of the gas which is substantial and 396 00:16:18,269 --> 00:16:16,450 there can be considerable amount of 397 00:16:19,769 --> 00:16:18,279 power in here the implications are 398 00:16:23,430 --> 00:16:19,779 profound the second law can be 399 00:16:25,410 --> 00:16:23,440 circumvented and pearl effect does this 400 00:16:27,329 --> 00:16:25,420 without sorting any particles all 401 00:16:32,280 --> 00:16:27,339 particles undergo this energy 402 00:16:33,810 --> 00:16:32,290 transformation now the second law does 403 00:16:35,490 --> 00:16:33,820 not apply when he can transfer 404 00:16:38,190 --> 00:16:35,500 elastically according to the kinetic 405 00:16:40,170 --> 00:16:38,200 theory of heat cost greater distances 406 00:16:42,510 --> 00:16:40,180 between particles than statistically 407 00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:42,520 allowed for single particle collisions 408 00:16:47,220 --> 00:16:45,010 when the vectored heat transfer via work 409 00:16:50,030 --> 00:16:47,230 occurs over distances greater than the 410 00:16:52,199 --> 00:16:50,040 mean free path of the gas the randomness 411 00:16:54,720 --> 00:16:52,209 requirement to the second law is gone 412 00:16:57,630 --> 00:16:54,730 and this is how the second law is 413 00:17:00,269 --> 00:16:57,640 violated so to speak we've put a limit 414 00:17:04,860 --> 00:17:00,279 on Singh it's no longer applies like the 415 00:17:07,169 --> 00:17:04,870 limits on Newtonian mechanics use a 416 00:17:09,240 --> 00:17:07,179 graphic depiction of transfer of work 417 00:17:12,449 --> 00:17:09,250 over an area greater than the mean free 418 00:17:15,270 --> 00:17:12,459 path from from cloak particles to hot 419 00:17:17,340 --> 00:17:15,280 particles sending heat and look the 420 00:17:19,650 --> 00:17:17,350 reverse direction which is neg entropic 421 00:17:20,970 --> 00:17:19,660 and here's a device which is on display 422 00:17:23,189 --> 00:17:20,980 in the back and I'll have a chance to 423 00:17:24,480 --> 00:17:23,199 demonstrate it to anyone who's once see 424 00:17:27,750 --> 00:17:24,490 it with which loss left of the 425 00:17:29,710 --> 00:17:27,760 conference schematic view of what's here 426 00:17:32,289 --> 00:17:29,720 for displacer inside of 427 00:17:34,570 --> 00:17:32,299 a tube and this is the way it was built 428 00:17:36,940 --> 00:17:34,580 with steel wool inside of an acrylic 429 00:17:39,720 --> 00:17:36,950 cylinder and a bar magnet on top for 430 00:17:42,730 --> 00:17:39,730 coupling through the medic seal a 431 00:17:44,529 --> 00:17:42,740 thermocouple for sensing 50 gauge one 432 00:17:48,940 --> 00:17:44,539 one thousandth of an inch in diameter 433 00:17:51,640 --> 00:17:48,950 social fast response ambient conditions 434 00:17:54,070 --> 00:17:51,650 thermal equilibrium stroking of the 435 00:17:56,049 --> 00:17:54,080 device and see what little changes occur 436 00:17:58,510 --> 00:17:56,059 in the change in temperature with the 437 00:18:00,909 --> 00:17:58,520 thermocouples this is what occurs when 438 00:18:02,799 --> 00:18:00,919 the volume is closed often it's no 439 00:18:05,890 --> 00:18:02,809 longer under constant pressure and I've 440 00:18:07,720 --> 00:18:05,900 lifted up stroking it to the carb the 441 00:18:10,029 --> 00:18:07,730 cold side we get a self refrigeration 442 00:18:13,419 --> 00:18:10,039 spike I drop it back down self heating 443 00:18:16,419 --> 00:18:13,429 and we get this over here increase it to 444 00:18:19,180 --> 00:18:16,429 from air to argon and then from down to 445 00:18:22,480 --> 00:18:19,190 try time at gas carbon dioxide and it 446 00:18:24,240 --> 00:18:22,490 follows the predictions you'll see this 447 00:18:26,230 --> 00:18:24,250 in the back room and I've did some other 448 00:18:28,690 --> 00:18:26,240 embodiments of the tester and with 449 00:18:30,250 --> 00:18:28,700 numerous thermocouples I know have US 450 00:18:31,870 --> 00:18:30,260 patent issued on a perpetual motion 451 00:18:33,310 --> 00:18:31,880 machine I told my lawyer have fun 452 00:18:35,140 --> 00:18:33,320 storming the castle and we got it 453 00:18:38,320 --> 00:18:35,150 through because they believed I gave 454 00:18:41,320 --> 00:18:38,330 them the science and it's there okay 455 00:18:43,840 --> 00:18:41,330 their number of engine cycles have been 456 00:18:45,010 --> 00:18:43,850 developed out of this and I want to show 457 00:18:46,960 --> 00:18:45,020 you some pictures before my time runs 458 00:18:49,299 --> 00:18:46,970 out their mathematical proofs on this 459 00:18:50,980 --> 00:18:49,309 I'd love to show this to anyone and see 460 00:18:53,169 --> 00:18:50,990 what they can try to shoot it down with 461 00:18:55,570 --> 00:18:53,179 and this is what a cycle can look like 462 00:18:57,850 --> 00:18:55,580 and we'll talk about this afterwards for 463 00:19:00,010 --> 00:18:57,860 anyone who's interested prototype was 464 00:19:02,350 --> 00:19:00,020 built in 2001 actually a couple versions 465 00:19:06,070 --> 00:19:02,360 of them a sterling like pissing and 466 00:19:07,600 --> 00:19:06,080 displacer mechanism and I don't have 467 00:19:10,020 --> 00:19:07,610 time to talk about it right now but i'll 468 00:19:12,580 --> 00:19:10,030 just give you some eye candy here a 469 00:19:14,710 --> 00:19:12,590 year's worth of experimentation and I 470 00:19:18,220 --> 00:19:14,720 ran into mechanical engineering problems 471 00:19:20,730 --> 00:19:18,230 of imperfect piston seals too much 472 00:19:23,190 --> 00:19:20,740 friction in the mechanical linkage and 473 00:19:25,750 --> 00:19:23,200 design issues with further regenerator 474 00:19:28,180 --> 00:19:25,760 use liquid nitrogen to generate the 475 00:19:30,970 --> 00:19:28,190 initial lab temperature gradient on it 476 00:19:34,210 --> 00:19:30,980 and here's some frost in the Dewar flask 477 00:19:35,980 --> 00:19:34,220 at the bottom instrumented the living 478 00:19:38,490 --> 00:19:35,990 daylights out of it so I have lots of 479 00:19:41,440 --> 00:19:38,500 documentation of it and this is key 480 00:19:42,109 --> 00:19:41,450 pressure center of the cycle starting 481 00:19:44,689 --> 00:19:42,119 from thermal 482 00:19:47,659 --> 00:19:44,699 equilibrium or mechanical equilibrium 483 00:19:49,879 --> 00:19:47,669 over here and then the baseline drift 484 00:19:52,729 --> 00:19:49,889 shows that the piston leaked but 485 00:19:55,189 --> 00:19:52,739 expanding this out I have the constant 486 00:19:58,639 --> 00:19:55,199 pressure process the constant volume 487 00:20:01,039 --> 00:19:58,649 cooling and constant entropy compression 488 00:20:03,259 --> 00:20:01,049 showing up in here it is working it just 489 00:20:04,909 --> 00:20:03,269 did not have enough energy generated 490 00:20:09,919 --> 00:20:04,919 overcome its internal frictions and 491 00:20:12,799 --> 00:20:09,929 losses engineering drawing of profile 492 00:20:15,139 --> 00:20:12,809 view semi x-ray through it and view that 493 00:20:23,959 --> 00:20:15,149 the flywheel and I'm not a time but we 494 00:20:35,740 --> 00:20:23,969 can talk later we do have a few moments 495 00:20:41,350 --> 00:20:37,810 did you ever measure the effect of 496 00:20:43,900 --> 00:20:41,360 intention on your experiments no it will 497 00:20:46,060 --> 00:20:43,910 happen if you did i don't know i don't 498 00:20:49,150 --> 00:20:46,070 expect there to be any influence there i 499 00:20:51,790 --> 00:20:49,160 don't think this is a an area of science 500 00:20:54,990 --> 00:20:51,800 outside of what we've normally seen that 501 00:20:58,240 --> 00:20:55,000 requires any consciousness intervention 502 00:20:59,800 --> 00:20:58,250 in detail the science is there and if 503 00:21:01,300 --> 00:20:59,810 you don't see it yet we can talk more 504 00:21:03,550 --> 00:21:01,310 about it later and it should just be 505 00:21:06,550 --> 00:21:03,560 self-evident that it's it's a known it's 506 00:21:09,460 --> 00:21:06,560 a natural spontaneous reorganization 507 00:21:12,190 --> 00:21:09,470 process it's it's Kwazii it's not truly 508 00:21:14,080 --> 00:21:12,200 spontaneous it's Kwazii spontaneous that 509 00:21:16,300 --> 00:21:14,090 a perturbation of the system must be put 510 00:21:20,260 --> 00:21:16,310 in and that energy actual energy input 511 00:21:22,270 --> 00:21:20,270 is heading towards the natural 512 00:21:25,920 --> 00:21:22,280 expression of the second law but it's 513 00:21:28,300 --> 00:21:25,930 less than carnal if it's done right um 514 00:21:30,010 --> 00:21:28,310 we don't have time to go into detail 515 00:21:31,270 --> 00:21:30,020 here but I just want to stand up as a 516 00:21:33,700 --> 00:21:31,280 defender of the second law of 517 00:21:36,510 --> 00:21:33,710 thermodynamics all right I can talk 518 00:21:40,990 --> 00:21:36,520 later it just because its statistical 519 00:21:42,340 --> 00:21:41,000 doesn't mean that we can throw it out in 520 00:21:45,850 --> 00:21:42,350 other words just because it's not 521 00:21:48,790 --> 00:21:45,860 mathematically provable it still can be 522 00:21:52,180 --> 00:21:48,800 very solid for example if you take a box 523 00:21:54,610 --> 00:21:52,190 of marbles and you put some black 524 00:21:56,470 --> 00:21:54,620 marbles on one side of shoe box and 525 00:21:58,270 --> 00:21:56,480 white marbles on the other side you 526 00:22:00,670 --> 00:21:58,280 shake the thing the marbles will be 527 00:22:02,860 --> 00:22:00,680 distributed that's right that's just 528 00:22:04,810 --> 00:22:02,870 statistical but they really will be 529 00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:04,820 distributed and if you end up doing it 530 00:22:08,530 --> 00:22:06,410 with a million marbles they're going to 531 00:22:13,170 --> 00:22:08,540 be very very well distributed that's 532 00:22:18,550 --> 00:22:13,180 right and that concept of mixing is 533 00:22:20,320 --> 00:22:18,560 behind the the justification for the 534 00:22:23,620 --> 00:22:20,330 second law of thermodynamics and i 535 00:22:26,680 --> 00:22:23,630 believe it is solid again I'm not saying 536 00:22:28,540 --> 00:22:26,690 enough to argue with right here we will 537 00:22:31,230 --> 00:22:28,550 have a discussion tonight there's going 538 00:22:33,640 --> 00:22:31,240 to be a panel discussion on energy and 539 00:22:36,820 --> 00:22:33,650 I'm hoping that we'll get into some of 540 00:22:38,470 --> 00:22:36,830 these issues and it looks like I'm going 541 00:22:39,960 --> 00:22:38,480 to be the conservative member on the on 542 00:22:43,419 --> 00:22:39,970 the panel 543 00:22:45,610 --> 00:22:43,429 so I'm not sure what will happen with 544 00:22:47,830 --> 00:22:45,620 Daniel and and several of us this 545 00:22:49,570 --> 00:22:47,840 evening at half past Rachel debate is 546 00:22:51,280 --> 00:22:49,580 welcome and actually that's what science 547 00:22:54,730 --> 00:22:51,290 needs more of because it's been closed 548 00:23:03,340 --> 00:22:54,740 all I can say to that is science is done 549 00:23:04,810 --> 00:23:03,350 in the details examine the details oh I 550 00:23:09,539 --> 00:23:04,820 guess I wasn't clear if you're talking 551 00:23:12,880 --> 00:23:09,549 about potential potential motion machine 552 00:23:16,350 --> 00:23:12,890 perpetual motion machine how long have 553 00:23:20,500 --> 00:23:16,360 you run any experiment with a net energy 554 00:23:22,620 --> 00:23:20,510 output I do not have anything with a net 555 00:23:26,080 --> 00:23:22,630 energy output at this point it is only a 556 00:23:28,630 --> 00:23:26,090 tabletop physics experiment of the only 557 00:23:31,330 --> 00:23:28,640 questionable process in the cycle that 558 00:23:35,140 --> 00:23:31,340 is not classically understood exactly as 559 00:23:37,330 --> 00:23:35,150 the understanding is this these 560 00:23:41,110 --> 00:23:37,340 photographs you saw here were up from 561 00:23:43,000 --> 00:23:41,120 2001 when I had a contract with an 562 00:23:45,659 --> 00:23:43,010 investor from France where we formed a 563 00:23:47,680 --> 00:23:45,669 company called cool engines incorporated 564 00:23:49,030 --> 00:23:47,690 contract called for a million dollars 565 00:23:51,340 --> 00:23:49,040 and in the course of a year to be 566 00:23:53,350 --> 00:23:51,350 invested in it and an infusion of 567 00:23:56,110 --> 00:23:53,360 $50,000 was given midway through the 568 00:23:58,570 --> 00:23:56,120 year and when we were ready for a second 569 00:24:00,310 --> 00:23:58,580 stage of investment 911 happened and the 570 00:24:02,710 --> 00:24:00,320 investor lots twenty percent of his net 571 00:24:04,270 --> 00:24:02,720 worth in two days and unfortunately I 572 00:24:06,760 --> 00:24:04,280 was funded by his play money and I never 573 00:24:08,289 --> 00:24:06,770 got any more that's why it never went 574 00:24:10,570 --> 00:24:08,299 any further but I learned a lot with 575 00:24:16,210 --> 00:24:10,580 that the first two prototypes you saw 576 00:24:19,590 --> 00:24:16,220 photographs up next yes you say that at 577 00:24:22,450 --> 00:24:19,600 the molecular level things are 578 00:24:23,830 --> 00:24:22,460 reversible that's right okay and so and 579 00:24:25,720 --> 00:24:23,840 we're thinking of the second law then it 580 00:24:28,480 --> 00:24:25,730 doesn't apply at the molecular level 581 00:24:30,909 --> 00:24:28,490 that's right and yet you made it you may 582 00:24:33,760 --> 00:24:30,919 not see a separation on the atomic level 583 00:24:36,039 --> 00:24:33,770 but tiny tiny little ones in space and 584 00:24:38,260 --> 00:24:36,049 time have been reported okay just go 585 00:24:41,470 --> 00:24:38,270 away if you go to the macroscopic level 586 00:24:43,659 --> 00:24:41,480 then the second law applies yes isn't 587 00:24:45,159 --> 00:24:43,669 there any consistency what happens you 588 00:24:47,620 --> 00:24:45,169 know there's some transition point where 589 00:24:49,139 --> 00:24:47,630 it doesn't work and words does worse 590 00:24:52,639 --> 00:24:49,149 that's going on is base 591 00:24:55,440 --> 00:24:52,649 upon random collisions and departures of 592 00:24:57,419 --> 00:24:55,450 trajectories that only conserve their 593 00:25:00,180 --> 00:24:57,429 kinetic energy and their momentum from 594 00:25:01,829 --> 00:25:00,190 the collision but that on a larger scale 595 00:25:03,719 --> 00:25:01,839 as many of them are colliding ends up 596 00:25:07,739 --> 00:25:03,729 being a statistical randomness that's 597 00:25:09,539 --> 00:25:07,749 just overwhelmingly impossible that from 598 00:25:11,039 --> 00:25:09,549 a practical point of view to get to like 599 00:25:13,680 --> 00:25:11,049 the box of marbles you can have five 600 00:25:16,229 --> 00:25:13,690 black and five red marbles and juggle 601 00:25:18,329 --> 00:25:16,239 them around and if you do you have for 4 602 00:25:20,009 --> 00:25:18,339 30 hours you might guess a look they're 603 00:25:21,779 --> 00:25:20,019 separated again and then they're back 604 00:25:23,459 --> 00:25:21,789 again the more the numbers go up the 605 00:25:26,999 --> 00:25:23,469 probability of that coming back to the 606 00:25:30,329 --> 00:25:27,009 original state just falls through the 607 00:25:32,339 --> 00:25:30,339 floor abysmally but in this case as I'm 608 00:25:34,379 --> 00:25:32,349 saying there is no sorting of Maxwell's 609 00:25:36,060 --> 00:25:34,389 demon going on and everything goes 610 00:25:38,779 --> 00:25:36,070 through there and it can ratchet up hill 611 00:25:42,239 --> 00:25:38,789 and you can and you can capture it I 612 00:25:45,539 --> 00:25:42,249 have four I have four compact discs here 613 00:25:47,629 --> 00:25:45,549 with publicly available computer files 614 00:25:49,829 --> 00:25:47,639 including two mathematical proofs 615 00:25:53,190 --> 00:25:49,839 encourage any of you to take this and 616 00:25:55,139 --> 00:25:53,200 study it and for the skeptics find the 617 00:25:58,349 --> 00:25:55,149 flaws in the mathematical proof it's too 618 00:26:03,570 --> 00:25:58,359 traceable state variables or publish 619 00:26:05,959 --> 00:26:03,580 gases point out the flaws there's Kenan 620 00:26:08,549 --> 00:26:05,969 thanks for thanks for your nice talk i 621 00:26:11,039 --> 00:26:08,559 sensing that in the general scientific 622 00:26:12,209 --> 00:26:11,049 community maybe you do too but there 623 00:26:14,430 --> 00:26:12,219 seems to be a feeling that what is ever 624 00:26:16,499 --> 00:26:14,440 whatever is true for the ideal gas must 625 00:26:19,469 --> 00:26:16,509 be true for everything else and it 626 00:26:22,079 --> 00:26:19,479 simply is not that way well yes now I I 627 00:26:24,479 --> 00:26:22,089 don't argue about the ideal gas and the 628 00:26:26,669 --> 00:26:24,489 ideal gas line not reflecting that I see 629 00:26:28,979 --> 00:26:26,679 that this kind of process can work with 630 00:26:31,109 --> 00:26:28,989 ideal gases or kwasi ideal gases or 631 00:26:35,519 --> 00:26:31,119 things are very far off you know close